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האם מפא"י נקטה מדיניות שייעדה את יוצאי ארצות האסלאם להיות חוטבי עצים ושואבי מים בשנותיה הראשונות של המדינה, ובכך תרמה במכוון ליצירת הפער העדתי בין אשכנזים למזרחים?
בניגוד לתפיסה הרווחת כיום, הספר מנהיגים עולים: מפא"י והנהגת עיירות הפיתוח, 1965-1948 מראה כיצד אתגרים שונים, ובעיקר פרויקט בניין האומה, הביאו את ראשי מפא"י לנסות ולצמצם פערים עדתיים, לרכך את החלוקה של אשכנזים-מזרחים ולקדם 'מיזוג גלויות' באמצעות טיפוח מנהיגות מזרחית בתנועת העבודה הציונית. אלא שהדבר נעשה תוך גביית מחיר יקר שנגזר מן המאמצים לשנות את זהות העולים מארצות האסלאם ולהביאם, לעיתים בעל כורחם, לאמץ את ערכי החברה הקולטת.

ד"ר אורן דוד קלמן מציע זווית ראייה חדשה ומקורית על יחסה של מפא"י לעולים מצפון אפריקה וחושף את התלות שפיתחה בהנהגה המקומית של עיירות הפיתוח כדי לממש את המהפכה החברתית שביקשה לקדם בישראל.
הספר מיועד למעוניינים להבין את קליטת העלייה בשני העשורים הראשונים להקמת המדינה, את היווצרות החלוקה בין "ישראל הראשונה" ל"ישראל השנייה" ואת חלקם של המוסדות הקולטים ובעיקר חלקה של מפא"י בהיווצרותה.

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